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    <article id="post-编程语言/c++/变量声明存储类型" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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    <a href="/2019/07/02/编程语言/c++/变量声明存储类型/" class="article-date">
  <time datetime="2019-07-01T17:23:17.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-07-02</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/编程语言/">编程语言</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/编程语言/c/">c++</a>
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      <a class="article-title" href="/2019/07/02/编程语言/c++/变量声明存储类型/">变量声明存储类型</a>
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        <figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">存储类定义 C++ 程序中变量/函数的范围（可见性）和生命周期。这些说明符放置在它们所修饰的类型之前。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="auto"><a href="#auto" class="headerlink" title="auto"></a>auto</h2><p>声明变量时根据初始化表达式自动推断该变量的类型</p>
<p>auto f=3.14;      //double<br>auto s(“hello”);  //const char<em><br>auto z = new auto(9); // int</em><br>auto x1 = 5, x2 = 5.0, x3=’r’;//错误，必须是初始化为同一类型</p>
<h2 id="register"><a href="#register" class="headerlink" title="register"></a>register</h2><p>用于定义存储在寄存器中而不是 RAM 中的局部变量</p>
<p>寄存器只用于需要快速访问的变量,不保证必然在存储器</p>
<h2 id="static"><a href="#static" class="headerlink" title="static"></a>static</h2><figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1. 指示编译器在程序的生命周期内保持局部变量的存在，而不需要在每次它进入和离开作用域时进行创建和销毁。</span><br><span class="line">因此，使用 static 修饰局部变量可以在函数调用之间保持局部变量的值。</span><br><span class="line">2. static 修饰符也可以应用于全局变量。</span><br><span class="line">当 static 修饰全局变量时，会使变量的作用域限制在声明它的文件内。</span><br><span class="line">3. 在 C++ 中，当 static 用在类数据成员上时，会导致仅有一个该成员的副本被类的所有对象共享。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<h2 id="extern"><a href="#extern" class="headerlink" title="extern"></a>extern</h2><p>extern 修饰符通常用于当有两个或多个文件共享相同的全局变量或函数的时候</p>
<figure class="highlight plain"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">1. extern 存储类用于提供一个全局变量的引用，全局变量对所有的程序文件都是可见的。</span><br><span class="line">2. extern 是用来在另一个文件中声明一个全局变量或函数。</span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>1. </p>

      
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    <article id="post-编程语言/c++/变量类型取值范围" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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        <h2 id="字符型"><a href="#字符型" class="headerlink" title="字符型"></a>字符型</h2><div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th>字节(8bit)</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>bool</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>char</td>
<td>1</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>wchar_t</td>
<td>4</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>string</td>
<td>32</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2 id="整数型"><a href="#整数型" class="headerlink" title="整数型"></a>整数型</h2><div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th>字节(8bit)</th>
<th>最小值</th>
<th>最大值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>short</td>
<td>2</td>
<td>-32768</td>
<td>32767</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>int</code></td>
<td><code>4</code></td>
<td><code>-21,4748,3648</code></td>
<td><code>21,4748,3647</code></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>unsigned</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>0</td>
<td>4294967295</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>long</code></td>
<td><code>8</code></td>
<td><code>-922,3372,0368,5477,5808 ($10^{18}$)</code></td>
<td><script type="math/tex">10^{18}</script></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td><code>size_t</code></td>
<td><code>8</code></td>
<td><code>0</code></td>
<td>18446744073709551615($10^{19}$)</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h2 id="实数型-浮点型"><a href="#实数型-浮点型" class="headerlink" title="实数型-浮点型"></a>实数型-浮点型</h2><h3 id="浮点数内存结构"><a href="#浮点数内存结构" class="headerlink" title="浮点数内存结构"></a>浮点数内存结构</h3><div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th>字节(8 bit)</th>
<th><strong>符号位</strong></th>
<th>指数位</th>
<th>尾数位</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>4</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>32-8-1=23</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>8</td>
<td>1</td>
<td>11</td>
<td>64-11-1=52</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long double</td>
<td>16</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 id="范围-整数部分"><a href="#范围-整数部分" class="headerlink" title="范围 /整数部分"></a>范围 /整数部分</h3><div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th>指数位</th>
<th>最小值</th>
<th>最大值</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>8($2^8$=256)(-127—&gt;128)</td>
<td>1.17549e-38</td>
<td>3.40282e+38</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>11(2^{11}=2048)(-1023—&gt;1024)</td>
<td>2.22507e-308</td>
<td>1.79769e+308</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>long double</td>
<td></td>
<td>3.3621e-4932</td>
<td>1.18973e+4932</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>附注:</td>
<td>$2^{128}=3.40282*10^{38}$</td>
<td></td>
<td></td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td></td>
<td>$2^{1024}=1.79179769E+308$</td>
<td></td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
</div>
<h3 id="精度-小数部分"><a href="#精度-小数部分" class="headerlink" title="精度/小数部分"></a>精度/小数部分</h3><div class="table-container">
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th>类型</th>
<th>尾数位</th>
<th>有效数字位数</th>
<th>精度</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td>float</td>
<td>23($2^{23}=83,88608$)</td>
<td>7</td>
<td>6~7</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td>double</td>
<td>52($2^{52}=4,50359,96273,70496$)</td>
<td>16</td>
<td>15~16</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
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    <article id="post-编程语言/c++/编译过程" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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    <a href="/2019/06/30/编程语言/c++/编译过程/" class="article-date">
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        <h2 id="编译过程"><a href="#编译过程" class="headerlink" title="编译过程"></a>编译过程</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph TB

subgraph 代码生成图
        E(源代码/.cpp.h)-->T(处理后文件/.i)
        T-->F(汇编代码/.s)
        F-->I(目标文件/.o)
        I-->V(可执行程序)
    end

subgraph 编译流程图


A((用户源代码))==>R(预处理器 cpp)
Q((外部头文件))==>R

R==>U((替换后的代码))
U==>B(编译器 gcc/g++/clang) 

B==>D((汇编代码c))
B==>M((汇编代码b))
B==>N((汇编代码a))
D==>G(汇编器  as )
M==>G
N==>G
P(外部库文件)==>J(链接器 ld)
G==>L((目标文件a))
G==>K((目标文件b))
G==>H((目标文件c))

H==>J
K==>J
L==>J

J==>O((可执行程序))
J==>W((静态库/动态库))

style R fill:#FFC0CB;
style B fill:#FF69B4;
style G fill:#FF1493;
style J fill:#C71585;
end
A-->E
U-->T
D-->F
H-->I</pre>

<h2 id="编译器选项"><a href="#编译器选项" class="headerlink" title="编译器选项"></a>编译器选项</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph LR
A(g++)-->B(预处理)
B-->C( -E  预处理 宏/条件编译/头文件包含)
B-->D( -I 指定头文件搜索路径)
B-->J( -W 警告)
B-->R( -w 禁止警告)


A-->H(编译)
H-->V( -g 生成调试信息)
H-->X( -S 生成汇编代码 .s)

A-->W(汇编)
W-->K( -O 优化)
K-->L( -O0 不进行优化)
K-->M( -O 优化)
K-->N( -O2 -O3 进一步优化)

A-->S(链接)
S-->T( -l 链接指定的函数库)
S-->U( -L 链接指定的函数库搜索路径)


A-->O(生成目标文件)
O-->P( -share 生成共享目标文件.so,创建共享库)
O-->Q( -static 生成静态文件.a ,禁止共享链接)</pre>

<h2 id="命令执行步骤"><a href="#命令执行步骤" class="headerlink" title="命令执行步骤"></a>命令执行步骤</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph TB

subgraph 理论步骤
A(预处理 PreProcessing)==>B(编译 Compilation)
A-->I(处理过的代码)
B==>C(汇编 Assemble)
B-->J(汇编代码)
C==>D(链接 Linking )
C-->K(机器码)
D-->L(可执行代码)
D-->M(二进制库文件)
end

subgraph 实际步骤
E(cpp test.c -I./inc -o test.i)
E==>F(gcc -S -I./inc test.c -o test.s)
F==>G(as test.s -o test.o)
G==>H(ld -o app test.o inc/mymath.o -llib -I libraries )
end</pre>


      
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  <ul class="article-tag-list"><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/汇编/">汇编</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/编译/">编译</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/链接/">链接</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/预处理/">预处理</a></li></ul>

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        <h2 id="C程序设计"><a href="#C程序设计" class="headerlink" title="C程序设计"></a>C程序设计</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph TB

A(面向过程/C语言)-->B(数组)
A-->C(指针)
A-->D(结构)</pre>

<h2 id="C-程序设计"><a href="#C-程序设计" class="headerlink" title="C++程序设计"></a>C++程序设计</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph TB

A(C++)-->B(低级语言)
A-->C(高级语言)
B-->D(静态类型/编译时类型检查)
B-->E(编译式)
B-->F(通用)
C-->G(面向对象编程)
C-->H(泛型编程)
G-->I(封装)
G-->J(抽象)
G-->K(继承)
G-->L(多态)</pre>

<h2 id="标准库"><a href="#标准库" class="headerlink" title="标准库"></a>标准库</h2><pre class="mermaid">graph TB

A(C++)-->B(核心语言/C语言)
A-->C(C++标准库)
C-->D(高级抽象数据类型)
C-->E(对应数据类型的抽象方法)</pre>

<h2 id="学习-C"><a href="#学习-C" class="headerlink" title="学习 C++"></a>学习 C++</h2><p><strong>学习 C++，关键是要理解概念，而不应过于深究语言的技术细节。</strong></p>
<p><strong>学习程序设计语言的目的是为了成为一个更好的程序员，是为了能更有效率地设计和实现新系统，以及维护旧系统。</strong></p>

      
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    <article id="post-English/Words/universal-sentence" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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  <time datetime="2019-06-28T08:43:45.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-06-28</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/">English</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/Writer/">Writer</a>
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        <p> have blind faith in the omnipotence of money </p>
<h3 id="Complaint"><a href="#Complaint" class="headerlink" title="Complaint"></a>Complaint</h3><p>I am writing to make a complaint about ..</p>
<p>I am writing to inquire your prompt solution to </p>
<p>I do hope that someone will take firm measure to address this matter</p>
<p>I would be most grateful and relieved if you could put this matter right immediately</p>
<p>I hope you can understand the inconvenience I have encountered and  </p>

      
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    <article id="post-English/Words/ultimate" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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  <time datetime="2019-06-28T08:28:01.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-06-28</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/">English</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/Words/">Words</a>
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      <a class="article-title" href="/2019/06/28/English/Words/ultimate/">ultimate</a>
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        <p>In an interview with TASS ahead of the trip,  Xi called Putin his “best and bosom friend” , adding he cherished their “deep friendship”</p>
<p>ultimate</p>
<p>the ultimate stability of the world economy</p>
<p>underestimate</p>
<p>leading to an underestimate of fish stocks in the past</p>
<p>undergo</p>
<p>have undergo a corresponding change</p>
<p>underline</p>
<p>a fact underlined by statistics</p>
<p>underlying</p>
<p>the underlying assumption</p>
<p>undertake</p>
<p>Only the state was able to undertake the required research</p>
<p>uniform</p>
<p>the uniformity of dress and discourse</p>
<p>universal</p>
<p>the great universal of people mortality</p>
<p>universe</p>
<p>the origin  evolution of universe and life</p>
<p>university</p>
<p>the New York University mathematician</p>
<p>usage</p>
<p>urban</p>
<p>urban Chinese  </p>

      
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  <ul class="article-tag-list"><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/assumption/">assumption</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/discourse/">discourse</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/ultimate/">ultimate</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/undertake/">undertake</a></li><li class="article-tag-list-item"><a class="article-tag-list-link" href="/tags/uniform/">uniform</a></li></ul>

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    <article id="post-English/Writer/Report" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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  <time datetime="2019-06-27T00:54:40.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-06-27</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/">English</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/English/Writer/">Writer</a>
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        <p>proposed : intend to do it</p>
<p>It’s still far from clear that what action the government proposed to take over the affair</p>
<ol>
<li>suggest</li>
</ol>
<p>Hamilton proposed a change in the traditional debating format</p>
<h2 id="Introduction-Terms-of-Reference"><a href="#Introduction-Terms-of-Reference" class="headerlink" title="Introduction / Terms of Reference"></a>Introduction / Terms of Reference</h2><p>The purpose of this report is to investigate ….</p>
<p>The objective of this report is to recommend / analyze ..</p>
<p>The aim of this report is to feedback / estimate / assess</p>
<h2 id="Methodology-Proceedings"><a href="#Methodology-Proceedings" class="headerlink" title="Methodology / Proceedings"></a>Methodology / Proceedings</h2><p>A questionnaire was completed by those who were surveyed in this project</p>
<p>A sample of workers was individually asked for their opinions</p>
<h2 id="Findings"><a href="#Findings" class="headerlink" title="Findings"></a>Findings</h2><p>The finding of the investigation / survey  indicate that …</p>
<p>It was proposed / found / discovered that …</p>
<p>A number of people mentioned / suggested that …</p>
<p>The table shows / describes / illustrates that …</p>
<p>As  can be seen from the table …</p>
<p>It is apparent from the table/graph/diagram/figure/statistics that ..</p>
<p>apparent:</p>
<p> It has been apparent that in other areas standards have held up well</p>
<h2 id="Template"><a href="#Template" class="headerlink" title="Template"></a>Template</h2><center>Report on</center>

<p>This report aims to ..</p>
<p>The Survey was conducted by …</p>
<p>As can be seen …</p>
<p>If any conclusions may be drawn from the data, they are as follows </p>
<h2 id="Model-Essay"><a href="#Model-Essay" class="headerlink" title="Model Essay"></a>Model Essay</h2><center>Report on College Students' Reading Habits</center>



<p>This report aims to discover college students’ reading habits.</p>
<p>The Survey was conducted among 16 college students at Peking University by means of questionnaire on Feb 16th. The questionnaire dealt with students’ reading materials and reading frequency.</p>
<p>As can be seen, 81% of the students regularly academic books. While 44% regularly read academic journals. Nothing else is read often by 14% of the students. In regard to students’ extracurricular reading, 55% regularly read newspaper or magazines. while 34% sometimes read fiction and 12% never read.</p>
<p>We may draw a conclusion from the data that college students presumably allocate little  time for general reading. and most of their reading time is spent on books and journals on their own subject.</p>
<p align="right">From: Li Ming <br/> Date: March 17</p>


      
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    <article id="post-数据结构与算法设计/小甲鱼/算法效率的度量方法" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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  <time datetime="2019-06-26T11:32:38.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-06-26</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/数据结构与算法/">数据结构与算法</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/数据结构与算法/小甲鱼/">小甲鱼</a>
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        <pre class="mermaid">graph LR;
A(算法效率的度量方法)-->B(算法的策略)
A-->C(编译产生的代码质量)
A-->D(问题的输入规模)
A-->E(机器执行指令的速度)</pre>


      
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    <article id="post-线性代数/汤家凤/行列式" class="article article-type-post" itemscope itemprop="blogPost">
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  <time datetime="2019-06-26T10:56:44.148Z" itemprop="datePublished">2019-06-26</time>
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    <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/线性代数/">线性代数</a>►<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/线性代数/汤家凤/">汤家凤</a>
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        <h2 id="逆序"><a href="#逆序" class="headerlink" title="逆序"></a>逆序</h2><p>排列的逆序数</p>
<pre class="mermaid">graph LR;
A(全排列) --> B(排序总数Pn)
A -.约定.-> C(标准次序)
A-.元素先后次序与约定不同.->D(逆序)
D-.逆序的元素对总数.->E(排列逆序数)
E-->F(奇排列)
E-->G(偶排列)</pre>

<script type="math/tex; mode=display">
t = \sum_{i=0}^{n} t_i  \quad 排列的逆序数</script><h2 id="行列式"><a href="#行列式" class="headerlink" title="行列式"></a>行列式</h2><h3 id="三阶行列式"><a href="#三阶行列式" class="headerlink" title="三阶行列式"></a>三阶行列式</h3><script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\begin{bmatrix}
   a_{11} & a_{12} & a_{13} \\
   a_{21} & a_{22} & a_{23} \\
   a_{31} & a_{32} & a_{33}
  \end{bmatrix}
  = \sum(-1)^t{a_1}_{p_1}{a_2}_{p_2}{a_3}_{p_3}\tag{三阶行列式} \\

  注:t : 列标排列p_1p_2p_3的逆序数 \\
  排列项总数: 3!</script><h3 id="例1"><a href="#例1" class="headerlink" title="例1"></a>例1</h3><script type="math/tex; mode=display">
f(x) =\begin{bmatrix}
   2x-1 & 2 & 3 \\
   -4 & x+2 & x-1 \\
   5 & 2x+3 & x+1
  \end{bmatrix} 

 求 x^2 系数  ?</script><h3 id="N阶行列式"><a href="#N阶行列式" class="headerlink" title="N阶行列式"></a>N阶行列式</h3><script type="math/tex; mode=display">
\left[
\begin{matrix}
 1      & 2      & \cdots & 4      \\
 7      & 6      & \cdots & 5      \\
 \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots \\
 8      & 9      & \cdots & 0      \\
\end{matrix}
\right]</script><h2 id="余子式与代数余子式"><a href="#余子式与代数余子式" class="headerlink" title="余子式与代数余子式"></a>余子式与代数余子式</h2><script type="math/tex; mode=display">
取 a_{ij}, 去掉i行,j列后形成的n-1行列式, 记做 M_{ij}-a_{ij}的余子式 \\

Aij = (-1)^{i+j}M_{ij}   代数余子式</script>
      
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